The phrase “frozen radish long”, which is transmitted to agricultural proverbs in the northern part of the country, vividly reveals the close correlation between low-temperature environments and the growth and quality formation of radish crops, which also implies the simple knowledge of ancients of the pattern of the collection of roots and vegetables such as carrots. Carrot, a root and root crop that is widely cultivated globally and that is nutritionally and economically valuable, has a high quality and low yield directly related to the choice of the starting period - – early harvests, insufficient growth of roots, inadequate nutrient accumulation, harsh tastes and low tastes; late harvests, vulnerability to cryogenic frosts, pests and pests, or the growth of root hollowness, wood degradation, etc., have significantly reduced the value of commodities and food. Therefore, the scientific determination of the optimal start-up period for carrots is not only a key to implementing the wisdom of agricultural proverbs, but also one of the central elements of modern agricultural precision cultivation and crop efficiency。
To specify the optimal start-up period for carrots, it is necessary to clarify the core patterns of their growth and development: from sowing to maturity, carrots usually go through the four stages of gestation, seeding, leaf-growing (leaving) and root-breeding maturation, which are critical periods for determining their quality and yield, and the optimal start-up period is at the end of this phase, and need to be determined in combination with the five core factors of “generic identity, growth cycle, appearance, physiological indicators, environmental conditions” rather than relying solely on time or experience。
The genetic characteristics of different types of carrot species determine the length of the growth cycle in terms of their variety characteristics and growth cycles, which are the basis for determining the optimal start-up period. At present, the most dominant carrot varieties in the country can be divided into three main categories, pre-, medium- and late, depending on the growth cycle, with significant variations in the optimal start-up period for each species: the shorter-term growth cycle, usually 60-80 days, occurs in early late summer and autumn, with the best harvests occurring in autumn (late september to early october), which are intolerant to low temperatures, and in the case of late harvests, which are vulnerable to the effects of early frost, resulting in root-strangulation injuries; in the medium-crop growing cycle, which is 90-120 days, most of which is concentrated in the autumn (mid-august to mid-september), the best starting period is mid-november, when the temperature gradually drops to 5-10°c, which meets the coldness of the tuber's expansion and does not suffer from chronic hypothermic frosts, which accumulates at peaks; and in the late-creasing cycle, which is up to 130-150 days, which is generally spread in late august, the best starting period can be prolonged until mid-december to mid-january (northern region needs to catch before soil freeze), when the temperature rises to a low temperature of 0-2°c, which, as in the case of late-cooling, will not only contribute to a short-term warming, which causes。
In terms of appearanceal and physiological indicators, the mature outer expression and intrinsic physiological characteristics of the root of carrots are a central indicator of the optimal start-up period in visual terms, as well as the most user-friendly method of determining farmers in field practice. In external form, mature carrots should have a “triangular” character: first, the root size is fixed, the root diameter is different, the length is up to the standard specifications of the species (e. G., the diameter of the pre-developed species is 3-4 cm, the length is 15-20 cm, the diameter of the later sophisticated species is 5-6 cm, the length is 25-30 cm), and the root skin is smooth, non-obvious cracks, malformations, and forks have fewer roots; second, the foliage is fixed, with the implanting of the lower leaf begins to turn naturally yellow and atrophy, and the upper leaf is still green, but the growth rate is significantly reduced and no new blades — this phenomenon indicates a shift from a “leave boom” to the end of a “transfer of nutrients to the root” and the accumulation of internal nutrients in the roots has reached saturation; the third is the stereotyping of skin colours, with carrot root skin colours that fully present the inherent colours of the species (e. G. Orange red varieties with bright and luminous colours, no light yellow or white areas, and purple varieties with unrefurnished colours) and the thickening of the surface horns, which are both a sign of maturity of the roots and a sign of a significant increase in their resistance to storage。
In terms of internal physiological indicators, although simple testing tools are needed, they better reflect the quality of carrots and are suitable for scalable growers: first, sugar content, optimal starting time carrots, root soluble sugar content should reach 6-8 per cent, at which point the taste is soft, if less than 5 per cent is less fluent, and higher than 9 per cent is likely to lead to softening of the roots due to excessive sugar; second, dry matter content, which is best at 10-12 per cent, dry matter at less than 8 per cent, overwater, perishable at below 8 per cent, higher than 14 per cent, and coarsed and hardened mouth; and third, coarse fibre content, which needs to be controlled at less than 1. 5 per cent, and more than 2 per cent, which has a distinct sense of fiber which affects the taste。
In terms of environmental conditions, temperature, soil moisture and frost time are key external factors determining the “final nodes” of the carrots' optimal start-up period, in particular the need to balance the qualitative improvement of low temperatures with the risk of freezing, in combination with the agroaclysmic wisdom of the “frozen radium”. With regard to temperature, the desirable temperature for the growth of the carrot root is 13-20°c, while the optimal temperature for nutrient accumulation is 5-15°c. The growth of the root is largely stagnant when the external temperature remains stable at about 5°c, but the nutrients are still slowly shifting internally, which is the “gold window period” for harvesting; if the temperature falls below 0°c, the soil needs to be judged as ice-free. – in the short term (1-2 days) below 0°c and when the soil is not frozen, the scene consistent with the “freeze radish long” can be appropriately delayed by 1-2 days to harvest and improve sweetness; if the temperature continues to be below 2°c or the soil begins to freeze, the harvest must be done immediately, otherwise the soil freezes and swells will squeeze the root, causing skin damage, cell ruptures and subsequent decay。
In terms of soil moisture, soil moisture during the optimal start-up period should be maintained at 60-70 per cent of the maximum water holding in the field, at a time when the soil is softly excavated, is less susceptible to damage to the root skin, avoids the deterioration of the root, the increase of the root, or the fragmentation of the root skin and the excessive loss of moisture by the drying of the soil. If rainfall occurs before harvesting, it takes 1-2 days to wait until the soil surface is dried up before harvesting, to prevent the soil from adhesive to the roots and to affect cleaning and storage。
The freezing time is also an important reference, as the northern part of the country needs to be harvested “after the onset of the frost, before the soil is frozen” and generally within five to seven days of the onset of the frost, at a time when low temperatures have contributed to the conversion of some of the starch into sugar, which has improved its quality and has not been affected by the continuous frost; the southern region has a high winter temperature, with no soil freeze, and the late-cooked varieties can be picked up until late january, subject to the avoidance of continuous rain weather and the prevention of root silt。
In addition, the optimal start-up period for carrots needs to be adjusted flexibly in conjunction with “planting purposes” to ensure that the start-up period matches the precision of subsequent uses: for purposes of “fruit-to-eat” on the market, it should be taken at a time when the root is fully mature and best-eated (i. E., at the point where the five above-mentioned factors are met), when the carrot colour is bright and sweet and the value of the commodity is highest; for purposes of “storage over winter”, it should be collected 10-15 days in advance, i. E., the root is essentially matured but the surface-earthed is not fully thickened; after the extraction of carrots (1-2 days to avoid tanning), it should lead to a thicker surface layer, which would increase the tolerance, while avoiding warmer coldness, which would allow for saving time for subsequent storage (e. G., storage in cold storage) and the highest value of the merchandise; after the production of the grainade, it may be adjusted to the higher amount of pick-and-up; after the production of the pick-up date, the。
In conclusion, the agricultural proverb of the "freeze radish long" is essentially a summary of the carrot's "low temperature upscaling quality" character, but it does not mean the later the harvest, the better. The optimal start-up period for carrots is the result of a combination of variety characteristics, growth cycles, appearance patterns, physiological indicators and environmental conditions - – the core decision logic is “to read the crop cycle, then the form matures and, lastly, the environmental nodes”, adjusted flexibly to the purpose of planting, so that both the traditional wisdom of agricultural proverbs and scientific methods can be used to ensure high yield and quality of carrots collected and maximize the benefits of planting。
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