Abusive translation
Lewis (1985) is a term used to describe extreme practices in literary translation. The use of abusive translations stems from what derrida (1978) says: “the `good' translation is bound to be abusive”, the basic point being that translation is seen as “a manifestation that necessarily triggers the interpretation of the original language” and as a process of both gain and loss. Lewis stressed the need to avoid “vulnerable, non-creative” translation, that is, translation that compromises by “placing the focus on information, context or concept, rather than language construction.” in his view, the interpreter should choose “any language or thought that may disrupt, compel or misuse, or pursue something that is not or cannot be thought of in an unspoken statement”. What he said might include an attempt to use categories and modes of expression that did not belong to the target language at all. He therefore defines abusive translation as “a strong and powerful translation, which values attempts to use new language expressions, changes language habits, and corresponds multiple or plural means of expression to the original language with language that corresponds to its own characteristics”. In this way, the indiscriminate use of translations has led to a new concept of loyalty. In such translation, the interpreter compensates for unavoidable slippages in the translation process by abusing the text and acquiring the “text energy series” in order to update the “energy and behaviour” of the original text。
Organisation
Interlocutory translation is one of the two modes of translation proposed by peter newmark (english translator theorist) (see semantic translation), the purpose of which is “to try to ensure that the translation has the same effect as the original translation has on the intended audience” (1981/1988:22). In other words, the focus of the translation is on the transmission of information according to the language, culture and language of the destination language, rather than on the original text as faithfully as possible. Translators have a greater degree of freedom to interpret the original language, adjust the body, remove ambiguity and even correct errors of the original author. Since the interpreter had a specific audience for a particular purpose, the translation he produced would inevitably break the limits of the original text. The type of linguist usually used for translation includes news reports, textbooks, public announcements and many other non-literate works. It is worth noting that translation is not an extreme translation strategy, but it is the same as semantic translation as the “middle way” of translation (hatim & mason 1990: 7) and is neither as free as compilation nor as restrictive as translation。
Translation theory
It is the theory that applies the concept of skopos to translation, the core of which is that the most important factor in the translation process is the purpose of the overall translation act. The term skopos is usually used to refer to the purpose of the translation, and the term skopos is derived from “skopos” for greek purposes. In addition to skopos, the related terms “aim”, “purpose”, “intention” and “function” are used. To avoid conceptual confusion, nord proposes a basic distinction between intent and function: “intention” is defined from the sender's point of view, while “functional” means the function of the text, which is determined by the expectations, needs, knowledge and environmental conditions of the recipient. One of the most important factors determining the purpose of translation in the framework of vermeer's aims is the audience — the recipients of the translation as intended — who have their own cultural background, expectations of translation and communication needs. Each translation is directed to a certain audience and is therefore a “language produced for a particular purpose and target audience” in the destination language scenario. Former sees the original as a source of some or all of the information provided to the target audience. It can be seen that the original has a significantly lower place in the object theory than in reciprocity。
Naturalization and alienation
This translation term was introduced by lawrence venuti, a leading united states translator, in invisible translators in 1995. As two translation strategies, naturalization and alienation are uniform and mutually reinforcing, and absolute naturalization and absolute alienation are non-existent. Translators in advertising translation practice have achieved concrete and dynamic uniformity in the application of both strategies, based on the specific language characteristics of the advertisement, the purpose of the advertisement, the linguistic characteristics of the source and destination language, and the national culture。
Naturalization
It is the localization of the source language, where the target language or the reader of the translation is the subject, and the delivery of the original text in the form in which the target language reader is used. The interpreter of naturalization requires that the reader of the destination language be brought closer, that the interpreter speak the same way as the national author, who, in order to speak directly to the reader, must be translated into the local language. Naturalization has helped readers to better understand the translation and enhance its readability and appreciation。
Organisation
It's "the translator does not bother the author as much as he can to bring the reader closer to the author." translation is about adapting to the linguistic characteristics of foreign cultures, incorporating foreign language expressions and requiring translators to come closer to the author and communicate the content of the original language in a language corresponding to the language of origin used by the author, i. E., depending on the language culture. The aim of the strategy of alienation is to preserve the alienity of the readers of translations, taking into account the differences in national cultures, preserving and reflecting the different national and linguistic characteristics。
Back to back transport
The translation of translation b of a into a. There are two types of translations: back-to-back translations of terms and back-to-back translations of accurate translations. Kim hae-kang believes that the translation is the translation of words borrowed by translators from a foreign language into such a foreign language, and vice versa; the translation is the result of cultural exchanges between china and the outside world, and many of the words, particularly scientific and technical terminology, have been created by means of translations which seek to harmonize and harmonize the language of origin with that of the target language。
"buy" letters, exceptive and elegance
It was formulated by the new and emerging thinkers of our country's qing dynasty, who, in his “translation” in the antheism, said: “the three crises: faith, da and ya. It is hard to believe. It is too easy to believe, not to translate, not to translate.” the term “letter” means the original text, which is accurate, does not deviate from, does not omit, and does not diminish it at will; the term “da” means the translation in its original form, which is clear and clear; and the term “ya” means the words chosen for the translation, which are proper, and which pursues the obscenity and grace of the article itself. In general terms, the translation must be consistent with the special characteristics of the chinese language, focusing on the integrity of a single sentence, i. E. The content, its structure, the accuracy of the content, the grammatical structure and the literary nature of the language vehicle。
Function reciprocityNo, no, no
The functional reciprocity theory was introduced by the american linguist eugene a. Nida, a well-known structuralist linguist and himself an important linguist, who was president of the american language institute. But this well-known academic figure, who has been away from the big academic town, has been working quietly for more than half a century at the american bible association. The main academic activity of his life revolved around the translation of the bible. In the course of the translation of the bible, naida developed, from a practical point of view, a set of its own translation theories, which eventually became one of the classics of translation research. The core concept of the naida theory is “functional equivalence”. The so-called “functional equivalence” means that translation does not require rigidity on the face of the text, but rather functional equivalence between the two languages。
Machine translator
Also known as automatic translation is the conversion of one natural language (source language) to another (target language) using computers. It is a branch of computational linguistics, one of the ultimate goals of artificial intelligence, and has important scientific value. At the same time, machine translation has important practical value. With the globalization of the economy and the rapid growth of the internet, machine translation technology plays an increasingly important role in facilitating political, economic and cultural exchanges。
2023 master of arts in translation
