High examination political point reading: economic commons
2. Workers ' basic rights and duties: (1) workers ' rights: equal choice of employment; remuneration for work; rest leave; protection of safety and health; vocational skills training; participation in social welfare insurance; and submission of labour disputes. (b) obligations of workers: to perform their tasks; to improve their professional skills; to implement safety and hygiene protocols; to observe labour discipline and professional ethics; to observe the requirements of professional ethics: to be professional, to be honest, to be fair, to serve the public and to contribute to society. (iii) enhancing the relevance of workers ' professional ethics: promoting their active involvement in research and development, strengthening their careers and responsibilities, and working together for collective honour. Enhancing the vocational skills of workers: this relates to the ability of individual workers to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century and to the development of labour productivity and productivity levels in society as a whole。
Nine
(c) fully recognize the need and importance of good governance of state-owned enterprises. State-owned medium-sized enterprises are the backbone of the national economy. One state-owned, large and medium-sized enterprises dominate key and important sectors of the national economy and play a decisive role in overall economic development. As the main source of state revenue, it plays a major role in ensuring the sustainability, speed and health of the national economy. It is the foundation of the socialist economy, with first-class and well-funded enterprises. In short, the establishment of state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises is of great relevance for the growth of the economy of large countries, the consolidation of the dominant public and socialist systems and the advancement of economic development and social progress. Therefore, good governance of state-owned enterprises is not only a major economic but also a major political issue。
Ten
1. Labour contract system: an agreement establishing labour relations between workers and employers and establishing the rights and obligations of both parties。
2. Basic principles for concluding labour contracts: the core principles of the principle of equality and voluntariness, the principle of consensus and the principle of non-compliance with laws and administrative regulations (most basic, most important)。
3. Meaning of introducing a labour contract system: first, it can facilitate the rational allocation of labour resources. Second, it enhances workers'sense of competition and promotes their own quality. Thirdly, the motivation and creativity of workers are conducive to their mobilization. Fourth is the legal guarantee of the rights of workers and their autonomy。
Step 11
1. The social security system: a system in which the state provides assistance and subsidies to guarantee the basic right to life of members of society, in accordance with certain laws and regulations。
2. Basic elements: social insurance (basic, core), social assistance, social welfare, social welfare, etc。
3. Basic principles: the right to work and the right to a basic standard of living; rights and obligations。
4. Role: it is a necessary condition for the firm to deepen its reforms and take full advantage of its market role; it is an objective requirement for strengthening its viability; it is a fundamental measure for safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of workers and achieving social stability。
12 points
Enterprises are the most important market owners. Enterprises, as cells of the national economy, are the main participants in market economy activities, are the direct contributors to the production and circulation of society and are the main agents of socio-economic technological progress。
The 13th test
As a form of enterprise, a company, like other types of enterprise, is for profit. The distinguishing feature of the distinction between corporate enterprises and other types of enterprises is that it is composed of shareholders in legal amounts。
2. In modern market economies, corporate enterprises dominate, and large and medium-sized enterprises are usually corporate。
3. The adoption of corporate forms of enterprise organization is conducive to the operation and management of enterprises and to competition and cooperation in international markets in accordance with international practices。
4. The legal form of company in our country is in the form of both a limited company and a limited liability company. The limited liability companies are suitable for smes。
Point 14
1. The supreme authority of a limited company is a general meeting of shareholders; the permanent body of the general meeting of shareholders is a board of directors; it is appointed by the board of directors of reasons and is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the company; and the supervisory or supervisory body supervises the work of the board and manager。
High examination political point reading: economic commons
Part i: economic theory
Point one
1. Meaning of commodities: commodities are labour products for exchange. As a commodity, two conditions must be met: it must be a labour product; it must be used for exchange。
Meaning of the commodity economy: the commodity economy is a form of economy directly aimed at exchange, a sum of commodity production and commodity exchanges. From the course of human history, commodities and commodity exchanges were made before the production of commodities and the commodity economy reached the end of the primitive society。
Two
1. Use value of commodities
(1) meaning: is the attribute of a commodity that meets a certain need。
(2) relationship: the value of the use of the goods reflects the relationship between human beings and objects。
(3) the use value of commodities is diverse. A commodity can have multiple uses, and as science and technology develop, the diversity and multiplicity of the value of its use becomes more evident. Under certain conditions, however, the value of the goods used is specific。
Value of commodities
(1) meaning: refers to non-discriminatory human labour condensed in goods。
(2) relationships: commodity exchanges appear to be exchanges of goods and goods. They are essentially social relations in which people exchange labour, and therefore value reflects the relationship between people, i. E. Productive relations。
3. The relationship between the two: any commodity has a useful value and value, and they are a unified and indivisible relationship。
(1) the two are uniform: the material bearers of the value of the commodity, the non-use value must not be the commodity, the value is the essence of the commodity, and the non-value is not the commodity. Thus, the value of the use and value of the goods is in the same category as that of the goods, and the two are essential. The desire for “good value” in the purchase of goods is a reflection of the use value and value fundamental properties of the goods themselves, which consumers seek to find the best combinations of the two, which are indicative of the unity of value and value used。
(2) the two are stand-alone: first, they are distinct and mutually exclusive; second, producers produce goods for the purpose of achieving the value of the goods, for which the value of their use must be given; and consumers purchase goods for the purpose of obtaining the value of their use, which must be paid, so that neither the producer nor the consumer can possess the value of their use at the same time。
Three
1. The volume of the value of a commodity is the size of its value。
2. The value of goods is determined by the amount of time required to produce them as a social necessity, rather than by the amount of time spent by individual commodity producers。
3. Socially necessary working hours are those required to produce a certain useful value under the prevailing normal conditions of production in society, with its average level of labour proficiency and intensity. “existing normal conditions of social production” refers to the conditions under which most of the same products were produced in a production sector at that time. The most important of these is the use of labour tools。
4. Labour productivity is the productivity of workers, divided into social and individual labour productivity。
5. The value of goods is inversely proportional to the productivity of society's labour and to the amount of time that society needs to work。
The main way for commodity producers to increase their incomes is to increase individual labour productivity and reduce individual working hours。
Four
Currency is the product of long-term development of commodity exchanges。
2. The essence of the currency is its general equivalent. General equivalents are goods that are separated from commodities and can be exchanged directly with all other commodities and represent the value of all other commodities. Gold and silver are not natural currencies, but money is natural. Gold and silver are the only commodities that are fixed as general equivalents。
Five
1. Currency has five functions
(1) value measure: all other commodity values are expressed and measured in monetary terms. (why can it be implemented: money is a commodity and it has value
(2) means of circulation: the function of currency as a medium for the exchange of goods. (commodities-currency-commodities)
(3) instruments of storage: currency of real and sufficient value. Only gold and silver, or coins or bars
High examination political point reading: economic commons
(4) means of payment: for payment of debts or taxes, rent, wages, etc. (generation: trading on credit)
(5) world currency: the currency has the function of serving as a general equivalent in the world market。
Value scales and means of circulation are essential functions of money. When a currency performs a value-scale function, it does not require a realistic currency, but a perceived currency; a currency as a means of circulation cannot be a perceived currency but must be a real one。
Six
1. Inflation is the economic phenomenon of the devaluation of the currency and the rise in its prices by issuing more money than is actually needed in circulation。
Deflation took place during a period of relative economic contraction, characterized by the persistence of aggregate social demand smaller than the social supply, declining overall price levels and constant currency appreciation。
3. Distinction between inflation and deflation: one expression is different: the most direct expression of inflation is price increases. Deflation is often accompanied by declining production, shrinking markets, lower profitability of enterprises, lower investment in production and increased unemployment and lower incomes. The main manifestation is the persistent low prices. 2-factors are different: inflation is caused mainly by the fact that the aggregate demand of society is greater than the total supply of society, and the circulation of money exceeds the amount of money actually needed in circulation. Deflation is due mainly to the fact that social aggregate demand is smaller than social aggregate supply. The risk is different: inflation directly devalues the currency, and if the income of the population does not change, the standard of living declines, leading to a disordered socio-economic life. Deflation has led to lower prices, which have benefited residents in a short period of time and to some extent, but in the long term have seriously affected investor confidence and the consumer mentality of the population, leading to vicious price competition, to the detriment of long-term economic development and the long-term interests of the people. Governance measures are different: the most fundamental measures to combat inflation are the development of production and an increase in effective supply, together with measures to control the supply of money and the introduction of artificial, moderate fiscal policies. Managing deflation, using a combination of investment, consumption and exports to boost economic growth, pursue a sound monetary policy, a proactive fiscal policy, a sound consumption policy and a consistent approach to expanding domestic demand。
4. The link between inflation and deflation. Both are caused by the imbalance between the general needs of society and the general supply of society. Both affect the right economic life and socio-economic order。
Seven
1. The currency shall be a currency symbol issued and enforced by the state. Paper currency instead of metal currency performs the function of means of circulation. Under certain conditions in real life, the means of payment and the world's goods function are also performed。
2. The currency is issued by the state, so its circulation for a certain period of time, the size of its face value and the amount of its circulation for each face value are determined by the state on the basis of the pattern of currency circulation, but the state has no right to prescribe the actual purchasing power of the currency。
After periods such as metal currency — paper currency — credit money, the transition through credit cards ushered in an era of electronic money。
4. Monetary requirements in circulation = total commodity prices = number of currency movements. The amount of money actually needed in circulation is governed by the pattern of currency flows, which require a positive ratio to the total price of the goods and inversely to the speed of their circulation。
5. Correct treatment of money: (1) good and good. (2) rejection of the ideology of exploitation of classism and “money almighty”
Eight
1. Content of value patterns: the value of a commodity is determined by the time necessary for the production of the goods by society. Commodity exchanges are based on the volume of value, with an equivalent exchange。
2. Expression: prices fluctuate around value。
Prices interact with demand and supply。
Nine
1. Value law is the basic rule of the commodity economy. It provides a resource base allocation through prices, supply and demand, and competition。
2. The role of value patterns: regulating the distribution of productive resources and labour among the various productive sectors; stimulating commodity producers to improve production techniques, business management and labour productivity; and promoting the competitiveness of commodity producers。
