Chinese intellectuals
At the end of the nineteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century, intellectuals were swayed from the intellectual class by the influence of western science. The intellectuals are referred to as “academics” and the intellectual class as “knowledge”. It was not until 1921 that the communist party of china (cpc) was established that the terms “intellectual” and “intellectual class” were formally used in the ccp statute. In 1933, the communist party of china (cpc) established clearly that intellectuals are a social class and belong to the “brainworker”。
At present, the country's academic community generally considers intellectuals to be highly educated, mainly intellectual workers working in the creation, accumulation, dissemination, management and application of scientific and cultural knowledge, in areas such as scientific research, education, engineering, culture and the arts, and health care, the country's general “middle-income class”. Intellectuals, as a political concept and a relatively independent social class, will persist and will eventually disappear with the high level of productivity and the disappearance of differences between workers and farmers, between rural and urban areas, between intellectual and manual labour。
With regard to the definition of intellectuals, the prevailing perception abroad is that it is specially trained, specialized, knowledge-based as a means of earning a living, intellectual labour as a profession, and a group with a strong sense of social responsibility that is the subject of what is commonly known as the “middle class” abroad。
(1) intellectuals are one of the four main workers in chinese society: workers, farmers, soldiers, intellectuals, i. E. Intellectuals, and skilled professionals. For example, teachers, doctors, engineers and scientists are typical intellectuals. (2) the intellectual is an ancient reader, or a modern continuation of the ancient "genius". The aspirations of the ancient readings were to take the heaven's place, to divide the kingdom and to petition for the people, and indeed the emperor will honour and respect them. From this perspective, modern chinese society has no intellectuals. (3) there is still a tendency in modern society to prefer intellectuals as their own or intellectuals as their expressions, generally referring to persons with higher education and higher education. (4) the name of the intellectuals ' contempt, which is reflected in the low political and economic status of the moyen dynasty, the guangcheng and later periods. (5) an extra-party intellectual means a high level of cultural expertise among the social workers of the same generation, and
(c) intellectual workers who create, accumulate and disseminate cultural expertise as specialized occupations. Intellectuals are a historical category, a class of social workers formed at a particular stage of history by the social division of labour and the lack of universal access to cultural education, science and technology. (6) public intellectuals (publicintellectual) have been a hot topic for discussion in the international intellectual community for nearly one or two decades, but in china they seem to be new in recent years. Why are there so-called public intellectuals? It is believed that the book " last intellectuals " , published by russell jacoby in 1987, first raised the issue of public intellectuals. In his view, former intellectuals were usually public and written for educated readers. In the united states, however, the generation of the 1920s became the last public intellectual. Following the era of university universality, public intellectuals were replaced by scientific experts and university professors, who only wrote for professional readers, and public culture and public life were reduced as public intellectuals disappeared. This means that the public nature of intellectuals is only a problem, directly related to the emergence of an era of academicization and specialization. The public nature of intellectuals arises when their subjects are no longer writers and artists in their own right, but technical experts and university professors。
It's a character
Based on the basic characteristics of intellectuals, typical intellectuals may include philosophers, scientists, writers, artists, musicians, etc. Here, intellectuals are not commonly understood as intellectual workers, but rather as those who are socially responsible for human cultural values and are largely “thinkers”. If an outstanding scientist, who spent his whole life working hard to invent atomic bombs, adds important elements to human culture, does not explore the consequences of atomic bombs in the course of his invention, such scientists are creators, but are not typical intellectuals. As a result of the social division of labour, the social functions of the people are becoming more and more detailed, leading to a tendency for relations between people and society to be centred on purely professional relations and the development of science and technology leading to professional specialization. We have experts who are good at learning how to bring about a more convenient way of life and a richer material life for the general public, but their knowledge of society may be shallow and their knowledge of life may be simple; their concern is to use their talents professionally and often ignore the cultural content they create. Thus, a scientist or scholar is not necessarily an intellectual unless he is concerned with major issues affecting society and humanity as a whole (e. G. War, poverty, sustainable development, etc.); or a novelist or film director is not necessarily an intellectual unless he writes or directs something that is not purely sensory entertainment, or explicitly or implicitly touches a broader and deeper social problem. In this connection, intellectuals have a special meaning, which is considered to be fundamental, that is, intellectuals are a critic and advocate of the society and times in which they are concerned。
But in real life, this typical intellectual is, after all, a very small minority, and what we usually call intellectuals does not mean this idealized intellectual image. In modern chinese, intellectuals are often interpreted as “intellectual workers with a certain cultural and scientific knowledge. Such as technologists, artists, teachers, doctors, etc.” according to the concise philosophical dictionary of rosenthal and eugene, the intellectual is “a social class made up of intellectual workers”. “representatives of engineers, technicians and other technicians, doctors, lawyers, artists, teachers, scientists and most employees belong to this social class.” in practical terms, our country has long been characterized as an intellectual person with a degree in secondary education and beyond and engaged in intellectual work. The concepts used in the practical work of intellectuals differ from one department to another, with the ministry of organizations calling “technologies” and the ministry of personnel calling “brain”. Concepts are also often defined by departments according to their own scope of work, for example, when the headquarters of war defines its intellectuals as representative and influential extra-party intellectuals。
It needs to be made clear that not all educated, professional and intellectual workers are intellectuals. In my country, for example, state civil servants are not intellectuals. Civil servants are known as party and political cadres. As a result of the intellectualization and professionalization of cadres since the third plenum of the 11th chinese congress, a considerable number of the members of this team now have more than a post-secondary degree, including masters and doctors. If only in terms of their educational background and level of expertise, it's certainly the same as knowledge
There is no difference between molecules, and many are intellectuals. However, one important feature of what we call intellectuals is their professional technical work, that is to say, their work is centred on creating, interpreting, disseminating or applying knowledge. The state civil servants, although they are also required to use a variety of expertise in their work, are primarily managing society and are fundamentally different from intellectuals in terms of the content and nature of their work. On the other hand, the country's intellectuals are mainly a special social class defined as a subject of policy. As such, state civil servants are the framers and implementers of policy, and they themselves cannot be the subject of policy. At present, civil servants and professional technicians are classified in the personnel management of cadre organizations. Thus, in the current situation in the country, any cadre, regardless of his or her level of education or expertise involved in his or her work, that is included in the civil service or is managed by reference to civil servants is outside the scope of intellectuals. During the times of the revolution, intellectuals were seen as a symbol of the bottom line, and the state staged the “intellectual downset” campaign, also known as “ching”。
