Cultivated grapes have chosen sandy soils with good drainage and deep and slow slopes, with hard-strawing and hard-tiping methods for seeding, enhanced field management in soil, fertilizers, moisture, trimmed and care to combat pests and diseases。
Elements of cultivation
1. 1 soil selection
The choice of cropland soils is therefore of great importance, given the fact that grapes are concentrated in the earth because they are afraid of floods and droughts, and that the soil chosen must be sandy land with good drainage and a deep and slow slope of soil, low-lying, compact, and poorly drained lowlands are not suitable for planting grapes。
1. 2 climate conditions
The rock river is located in the centre of the northern frontier, 84-86 longitude east, 43-45 latitude north, mainly in the desert and in the peaceful plain, with year-round precipitation scarce, dry climate, temperate continental dry climates, long and cold winters (-25°c), summer heat (more than 30°c), annual average temperatures of 7-8°c, frequent spring springs, frequent winters, freezing in autumn, 2,300-2700 hours, annual precipitation of 180-270 mm and evaporation of 1000-1500 mm. Day and night are very hot. The highest annual temperature appears in july, with an average of 26°c, the lowest in january, with an average of 15°c, generally frozen at the end of march and frost in october. The soil is looser, with dust storms in spring and autumn。
1. 3 varieties and their trees
The selection of local varieties can be made in terms of climatic conditions and the characteristics and yields of the varieties, with the ratio of non-nuclear whites and red grapes to female-to-male pollinators at planting being the best. Grapes can be bred by hard-wireding and hard-widthing。
1. 4 field management
Field management can be carried out in four areas: soil, fertilizer, moisture and trim. Farming and weeding are timed and the soil is treated in depth; fat is required twice a year in the management process; before grapes begin to gestation in may and before grape berries swell in july, roots need to be fatter, mainly nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, and the soil is grown deep after harvest each year; the water is managed well; the water is managed well after heavy rains; the water is drained in a timely manner; the summer shears are carefully treated, such as sprouts, heart-picking, wiping, swirling, twirling and new branching; and winter attention is given to the handling of fruit branches and new branches。
1. 5 prevention of pests and diseases
Pests can be eliminated by physical, chemical and pest methods。
1. 6 harvesting and packaging transport
In mid-september, shears were taken from the top to the bottom, from the outside to the interior, to extract artificial injuries. After full extraction, plastic or wooden boxes are used to be packed and then transported in time to avoid decay。
2 materials and methods
Grapes are grown at a range of 2. 5 x 1. 0 m, growing 60 cm deep in the giraffe, with a capacity of about 4,000 grapes per hectare, requiring 1,500 kg of manure. Cement columns are needed between grapes for climbing, one for every 6 metres, and about 710 for 1 hectare。
3. Results and analysis
3. 1 choice of varieties
Grapes have the properties of high-steal flower sprouts, which form the basis for grape production. Compared to the american and eurasia species, wild grapes have high rates of budding and branching. The tarzan winehouse in shigeko city has chosen the main varieties of "nuclear-free white" and "red grapes", the non-nuclear-white-sex flower species, the intra-mixed production of f1-generation plants, and the non-nuclear white grapes, which were selected from f1, and were approved and named in 1998. The species of red grapes, which are inter-breeded in a f1-generation plant, were selected from the f1 and were approved and named in 1988. Unnucleic white and red grapes can make better sweet red wines and are planted in large quantities at the stone river tower。
3. 2 occupancy observation
For the first time, on 7 september, grapes were harvested to estimate production, with a production of around 2. 55 kg in non-nuclear-white varieties, and 10. 20 tons of non-nuclear-white hectares could be calculated for 4,000 plants per hectare if the production was 2. 55 kg. Juice contains 18. 1 per cent sugar and the juice yield rate is 51. 5 per cent. The production of red grapes in this harvest was about 2. 52 kg, and if the production of red grapes was 2. 52 kg per hectare, it could be calculated that the production of red grapes was 10. 08 tonnes, the fruit juice was 17. 8% sugar and the fruit juice was 54. 0%. If 2,000 non-nuclear whites and 2,000 red grapes were planted per hectare, the average production was 2. 535 kg, 10. 140 tons of ha, 17. 95 per cent of fruit juice and 52. 75 per cent of fruit juice. The second harvest took place on 13 september, the day of maturity for non-nuclear white fruit, with 2. 77 kg of non-nuclear white plant production growing 4,000 plants per hectare, and if 2. 77 kg of non-nuclear white production, it could be calculated that the production of non-nuclear white hectares was 11. 08 tons, sugar 18. 4 per cent of fruit juice and 56. 1 per cent of fruit juice. The production of red grapes is around 2. 75 kg, and if the production of red grapes is 2. 75 kg per hectare, it can be calculated that the production of red grapes is 11. 00 tonnes, the fruit juice is 18. 5% sugar and the fruit juice is 57. 0%. If 2,000 non-nucleic whites and 2,000 red grapes were planted per hectare, the average production was 2. 760 kg, with 11. 04 tons of ha and 18. 45 per cent sugar in fruit juice and 56. 55 per cent fruit juice。
The table shows that the production of non-nuclear white and red grapes is close, and the larger the production of its hectares. The 7 september nucleus and red grapes were not ripe for fruit and production could be increased. This harvest shows that the grapes are growing well and yielding steadily this year. By 13 september, the production of non-nuclear-white fruits had matured and had stabilized, with production likely to fluctuate but at around 11. 00 tons per hectare due to differences in land parcels. The production of red grapes will fluctuate before maturity。
4. Pest management
4. 1 sprosmal disease and its control
The disease is mainly harmful to the leaves, as well as to the buds, the fresh and the young parts, mainly in the form of irregular water stains and translucent spots on the leaves, which are later expanded to multi-angled spots of different shapes and sizes, and in which multiple diseases are linked to the formation of dry brown spots. Post-mortem symptoms become light brown, with dead charred, dry cracks and, in serious cases, leaves falling。
In combating the disease, care must be taken to prevent the disease from occurring with protective agents such as propsensor. In the growing season and in the autumn, the branches, fruit, leaves, etc. Shall be completely removed. During growing up, surplus side branches, etc., need to be cut off in time to create good ventilation conditions。
4. 2 powder disease and its prevention
The bacteria mainly affect green parts such as leaves, fruit and chicken, and young tissues are more susceptible to disease. When the leaf is sick, it produces grey powder on the face of the leaf, and when the disease is serious, the powder is covered with leaf cover, which causes the leaf to rot and die. When the fruit is affected by the disease, it produces white powder on its surface, inhibiting its growth and making it smaller and sour. When the fruit grows up, it is infected, and on the surface of the fruit is shown to be a mesh-lined disease, which can easily be broken. New outbreaks can lead to a lack of normal maturity and affect the quality and yield of fruit。
First, the pathogen should be removed, i. E. Care should be taken to collect the branches, leaves and fruits and to bury them in depth. Improved long-term management of fattening, spraying of potassium dihydrophosphate and co-fertilization of roots to improve resistance, and timely coxing, heart-picking and wiping to ensure good ventilation and lighting to reduce the occurrence of diseases. Medicines can be used against them. Spraying grape buds with 3 to 50 quartz sulphate before they swell but do not germinate to completely eliminate the winter pathogen. In the event of a raisin bulge, it is possible to spray 0. 2 to 0. 30 graphi-sulphur alloy or 50 per cent of the sulfur suspension of 300 to 400 times fluid, generally with one spray at approximately 10d intervals and three in series。
4. 3 browning and its prevention
Brown spots only harm the leaves. When the weather is damp, on the surface and on the back, there is a deep brown bush, and when the disease is severe, multiple spots are connected together to form a large, irregular disease, which can dry up at a later stage, causing leaves to fall early。
The prevention and treatment of the disease begins with the elimination of the trans-winter pathogen. The leaves will be burned and cleaned in a timely manner after autumn. In winter, the leaves are buried or burned in a timely and thorough manner. Before the early spring sprouts swelled but did not sprout, 3 to 50 quartz sulfur amalgams were sprayed in conjunction with other diseases, with a single half-volume bordeaux or more than 50 per cent of 800 to 1,000 times more, or with 500 to 600 times more zinc desen, at intervals of about 10 june. These drugs are used interchangeably, and they work better。
